Placenta Previa

Placenta Previa High Risk Pregnancy Placenta previa happens when an incipient organism inserts itself in the lower uterus and the creating placenta in this manner embeds low in the uterus and spreads the inner cervical os. The previa can be finished, which includes the placenta covering the inner cervical os totally, or halfway, which includes just a segment of the placenta covering the cervical os. The finding is of placenta previa is regularly made in the second trimester by ultrasonography testing and is observed for placental movement away from the os which happens with uterine growth.Placenta previa in the subsequent trimester puts the customer in danger of creating vasa previa and thought to be a consequence of fiery atrophic changes to the placenta. In the third trimester, placenta previa is the main source of effortless draining prompting discharge. The draining happens as the placental connection is disturbed from diminishing of the region as the cervix and uterus plan for w ork. Because of the area of the placenta, the uterus can't agreement to prevent the progression of blood from the vessels.When draining happens, Thrombin is discharged and animates uterine constrictions, which along these lines upset the placental connection from the uterus much more, causing expanded draining and can in the long run lead to discharge (Joy, 2012). The occurrence of placenta previa is in around one of every 200 pregnancies, has a death pace of 0. 03%. Basic hazard factors incorporate past placenta previa, past cesarean births, pull curettage for unnatural birth cycle, conveying more than one infant, conveyance of at least six pregnancies, and tobacco or substance misuse (Perry, Hockenberry, Lowdermilk, and Wilson, 2010).For first time pregnancies, placenta previa happens in around 1 out of 1,500 pregnancies yet the hazard for ladies who have had in excess of five pregnancies increments to around 5 of every 100 pregnancies.References: J oy, S. M. (2012, June 5). Place nta Previa. Recovered September 29, 2012, from Medscape: emedicine. medscape. com/article/262063-overview#a0104 Perry, S. E. , Hockenberry, M. J. , Lowdermilk, D. L. , and Wilson, D. (2010). Maternal Child Nursing Care. Maryland Heights, MO: Elsevier.

Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire

The individuals known as the Aztecs (who alluded to themselves as the Mexica or Tenocha) started from a spot called Aztlan, some place in North or North west Mexico. At some point in the twelfth century they set out on a time of meander ing and in the thirteenth century settled in the valley of focal Mexico. Around 1345 they established the town of Tenochtitlan. The Aztecs of Tenochtitlan controlled by Montezuma II turned into the best force in Mexico. The city of Tenochtitlan framed a coalition with the neighboring urban communities of Texcoco and Tlacopan however later turned into the prevailing accomplice and dealt with the whole valley.Conquering city after city, Moctezuma and his warrior domain took food, extravagance merchandise, outlandish crude materials and war hostages. The detainees of war were put something aside for penances to the divine beings. Leaving on his very own excursion looking for gold, General Hernando Cortes lead his gathering of Spanish soldiers into the wa y of the incredible Moctezuma government. In the wake of meeting vis-à-vis, the two men apparently saw the other with common regard after a cordial trade of welcome. Trust was not to be picked up very as effectively as every pioneer kept their warriors on steady alert.Even after General Cortes and his soldiers were sunk into lavish condos and given an extravagant supper, they stayed extremely careful. By setting their gun into position and preparing the mounted force and infantry, they could be prepared in a second s notice. Moctezuma stayed alert too, and had even ventured to such an extreme as to have his mystery room of wealth and fortunes established. He was as yet dubious with regards to whether Cortes was god or man, companion or enemy. There is no uncertainty that the Spaniards saw Montezuma as strong, incredible and wise.I m certain they were shocked and awed over his extraordinary fortune, works of gold, gems, superb expressions, design, and so forth. He was unquestionably not ailing in pageantry and quality. Everything Montezuma possessed was inordinate and all that he did was conveyed to the extraordinary. He encircle himself with gatekeepers, hirelings and wonderful ladies. Incredible regard was appeared to him despite the fact that the entirety of his realm didn't think he was meriting it. Cortes and his men most likely didn't concur with Moctezuma s political ways.He controlled vanquished individuals and his domain was held together by simple power instead of unwaveringness. The state controlled each part of life. Obviously, Cortes himself was a victor, yet his kin were not controlled and constrained as the Aztecs were. A significant number of the Aztec individuals viewed the Spaniards with interest. They didn't have the foggiest idea how to pass judgment on these peculiar individuals. Some idea Cortes to be the amazing ruler Quetzalcoatl, whose arrival to earth had been forecasted. Actually, that might be the main explanation Cortes was not met with more grounded introductory opposition.The Aztecs likewise loathed the generosity and favors their ruler offered to the general and his men. The Spaniards had opportunity that they didn't, so I m sure that they saw them with envy. In the event that they had taken a stand in opposition to their ruler, it would have implied moment passing. Others of the Aztec realm considered the To be as amazing partners against Moctezuma and his forced guideline. Huge numbers of the Amerindian individuals had just started to shape aligns with Cortes on his way into the capital city of Tenochtitlan. In Aztec Mexico, religion was ever present.The Aztecs revered a large number of divine beings, every one of whom requested contributions and penances. They viewed themselves as the picked individuals of Huitzilopochtli, the sun and war god, in whose name they were bound to overcome all adversary countries. Huitzilopochtli involved the primary sanctuary at Tenochtitlan. He was revered every day with c ontributions of human blood and crisp pulsating hearts, torn from the assortments of conciliatory casualties. It was during a voyage through the sanctuary that General Cortes attempted to pass on to Moctezuma that he was being bamboozled by his venerated images of evil.Cortes solicitation to raise a picture of the Virgin Mary was furiously denied. The Europeans especially had confidence in the Christian religion and were completely shocked by the Aztec customs. They genuinely needed consent to construct a congregation there and present Christianity. Following quite a while of viewing the Aztec individuals manufacture a practically humanlike sculpture of their sun and war god, the Spanish soldiers were incited into an assault. Their central goal from the start was to attack and ambush the Aztec domain, yet it was immediately required to be postponed when Moctezuma invited them.The Spaniards decided to catch Moctezuma and assault the Aztecs during their yearly celebration of love and penance to their divine beings. This celebration was comparable to the Christian form of the Easter occasion. The Spaniards found the Aztecs napping and promptly butchered numerous warriors, however the Aztecs immediately rebelled against the trespassers and murdered 53 Spanish detainees for penance. Moctezuma was executed in the uprising. Cortes, with new soldiers from Cuba, alongside the guide of thousands of Indian partners, at long last vanquished the Aztec in 1521.Legend would have us accept that Hernando Cortes was absolutely savage and sat idle however overcome, assault and loot (instead of exchange), yet onlooker records of the Aztec victory are not many. Some state the victory was a grisly slaughter, others state it was a superb triumph. Apparently during that period of time, it was each man for himself. By and by, I don't think Cortes had quite a bit of a decision once he was inside the domain in light of the fact that Moctezuma would have unavoidably come after him. He co uld have decided not to go however, around then it was take or be taken.Their is no simple method to take up arms and the situation being what it is Cortes presumably did similarly as different warriors before him had done. The Aztec realm crumbled immediately after the triumph. The warriors and aristocrats who were not slaughtered quickly passed on later from wild smallpox and different sicknesses. The triumph of the Aztecs denoted a critical period for the Spanish. It opened new entryways by expanding financial and political addition. So, the European development made ready for another age, a fresh start, and a significant defining moment ever.

Our top blog posts from 2016 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Our top blog posts from 2016 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog This time of year I like to browse the blog and review all of the content weve shared, and see if theres anything we can do to give you a better experience. In doing so, I thought youd like to see which blog posts everyone enjoyed the most. Here are our top blog posts from 2016, broken down by month (with the runners-up). December:  How to access (and prepare for) the admissions video essay; followed by  Top 10 Tips for Communicating with Us November:  Heres SIPAs evaluation criteria; followed by  How to access (and prepare for) the admissions video essay October:  Heres what SIPA means by early action; followed by  How to access (and prepare for) the admissions video essay September:  Top 10 Tips for Communicating with Us; followed by  The 2017 PPIA Fellowship application is live August:  Top 10 Tips for Communicating with Us; followed by  Everything you wanted to know about SIPAs language proficiency requirement July:  Rangel Fellowship Application is live, and theres a new deadline; followed by  Top 10 Tips for Communicating with Us June:  What Fall 2016 admitted students should know going forward followed by  Fall 2016 New Student Series Part 1: Meet Sayan Supratim Das May:  Top 10 Tips for Communicating with Us; followed by What Fall 2016 admitted students should know going forward April:  10 reasons you shouldnt attend SIPA; followed by A look at SIPA Follies 2016 March:  What Fall 2016 admitted students should know going forward; followed by A look behind the application curtain February:  Good luck to our Fall 2016 applicants; followed by Dissecting the Application Checklist January:  Dissecting the Application Checklist; followed by How to answer the Fall 2016 short essay This is a just a preview of the type of  content we regularly share on the SIPA Admissions Blog. Including todays post, we have written 127 blog posts since January 2016 thats a new post every two or three days!  It takes a lot of effort to share fresh content with all of you on a regular basis, and we wouldnt have been able to do so if it werent for our dedicated student bloggers, also known as our Program Assistants and Admissions Ambassadors. Im grateful for their assistance, and I look forward to sharing more of their work with you in the coming months. Have a suggestion on what we should write about next? Just Submit An Idea.

Managing Generations and Social Media - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1540 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/04/10 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Social Media Essay Did you like this example? Abstract The purpose of this paper is to reflect back on my courses here at Florida State College at Jacksonville and two of the main topics I have learned. Management today is quite different than even 10 years ago. Currently, there are about four different generations in the workforce and each generation has their own values and characteristics. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Managing Generations and Social Media" essay for you Create order This can be very challenging for managers or leaders who do not understand the characteristics of each and how to lead them. I will also look at how social media is affecting todays work environment for both companies and people. Managing Multiple Generations Humans are living longer than we ever have and therefore, increasing the average age of retirement. Resulting in a multigenerational workforce which can be challenging for leaders. Each generation contributes different values and skills to a team, but not all generations can be supervised the same way. I would like to review the characteristics of the generations and their strengths and weaknesses. Baby boomers are believed to be goal-oriented workaholics, independent, competitive. They make up many executives in the current workforce because they are hardworking, dedicated, and career focused. On the other hand, they are less acceptable to change. I can also see how managing an independent and competitive individual would be difficult or challenging at times(Kane, Baby Boomers in the Workplace, 2017). Generation x has grown up in an era where typically both parents in the household worked. Because of this, they have a pretty strong work ethic. Technology became a part of most homes of those in this generation, so when it comes to technology, they are quit skilled. Generally speaking, they are individualistic, flexible or accepting of change, and value a work/life balance. Because of the latter characteristics, they tend to move around from company to company looking for a less structured management and work life. Which is not what the managers of the baby boomer generation is used to nor is it their management style(Kane, 2017). The fastest growing demographic era is generation y, known to many as millennials. The first generation to truly grow up in the age of technology they have the greatest understanding of change and the positive effects it can have in the current business world. For the most part, they are team-oriented, and achievement focused. One of the biggest downfalls for this generation is they crave attention and need constant reassurance. If they are included and feel appreciated, I think they could bring a lot to the table encouraging leaders to stay up to date with the latest and greatest. I recently read an article that discussed three ways to simplify the process of managing a multigenerational environment. It doesnt have to be as difficult as it sounds(Cates, 2018). At the beginning, it explains we should not dwell on the differences between the generations. Simply put is each generation has different needs resulting in different motivational factors. Which leads us to the next point of keeping context in mind while managing. In other words, get to know your team, understand their needs, priorities, goals, and what motivates them. A crucial tool for creating a positive working environment. Seems simple right? And you would think every good leader understands and applies this concept to their leadership style. The difference is, as we have such a vast variety of ages in the workforce and each generation has different experiences. These experiences have defined our values and expectations or goals we have set for our careers. I believe a good leader is always looking for ways to learn or improve their own leadership style. Getting to know my team and how they think and what motivates them allows me the opportunity learn from their experiences. Proving as a leader that I value their ideas and experiences in hopes of providing a sense of purpose to keep them engaged. If not, they will always be looking for a better opportunity. Motivated employees also result in positive employees, which are more willing to go above and beyond for their managers. The final point I would like to discuss from this article is the value of upskilling your employees. I found it interesting to read that the skills of the older generation are becoming outdated. Majority of the children today will work a career that has yet to be invented. Think about that. If the trend of the retirement age and how much it has increased, I could end my career in a job that doesnt even exist today. It is crucial for us to continue learning to stay current with technology, and changes in the workforce. Offering free training courses or seminars to employees can motivate them to stay up to date with technology, their skills and to be innovative. Providing leaders with the necessary tools to lead their team to the next level and stay competitive. Social Media Marketing and networking through social media outlets have become pivotal in todays marketing strategies. Over the past decade advertising on social media has grown tremendously. While many companies have the ability to advertise for free through social media. Recently, many social media platforms have made a business out of charging organizations to advertise on their outlets. Rapid advancements in technology today has brought changes in the way companies use platforms to advertise to consumers. I recently came across an article that discussed five pivotal elements for utilizing social media to market your product, service, or company. The position of social media is swiftly changing, and many companies are struggling to keep up. This article discussed the importance of conversing on social media through the most popular platforms. How audiences react to the use of motivational context. How to use social media to successfully and intelligently brand your company. Finally, it pointed out the importance of analyzing social media and the demographics of those who use each platform(CBT News, 2018). I have noticed the people I am friends with on Facebook who are more active on social media, will be higher up in my news feed. When someone who is not typically very active on social media does post something, it may not show up on the public feed. Or if I am not as active on pages I will not see their most recent posts. For example, there is a local cake lady who is amazing at deserts and makes cake balls for all holidays. Last year around thanksgiving, she had made cake ball boxes and I saw one of my friends who I tend to interact more with on social media liked her post. Since I missed the original post, I sent her a private message because she had made the post a week or so prior to see if she had any left as I wanted to place an order. Because I had not been actively liking or sharing her posts the initial post did not show in my feed. So, it is important for a companys marketing team to be active on as many social media platforms as possible. Incorporating motivational or uplifting messages in your posts is more crucial than I thought. I did not realize how many people find these messages encouraging. According to the article the more motivational or uplifting your posts are, the higher your chances of having people share your posts are, increasing traffic to your organizations page(CBT News, 2018). The popularity of social media for networking has, of course, resulted in the creation of more social media platforms. Surprisingly each platform has different audiences. I have heard that younger generations tend to shy away from Facebook and lean more towards Instagram, Snapchat, and YouTube. Depending on who your target audience is will determine the best social media platform to use. Having a marketing team that understands the different platforms and how to use them is important to ensure you are reaching the largest audience you can(CBT News, 2018). Managing a team of multiple generations with various skill sets and values sounds scary, but with the proper tools, can be simple. I have enjoyed learning about the different generations, how they think, and what motivates them. I hope to take this valuable information with me as I become a leader and use it to encourage my team and co-workers. Technology has advanced the globe significantly and beyond what many ever thought possible over the last 10 plus years. I believe my parents never dreamed something like social media would exist, let alone have such an influence economically. What a great tool for companies if utilized correctly and I hope to be able to expand on this and grow as technology grows to improve the company I work for. References Cates, J. (2018, Feburary 7). The secret to a satisfied multigenerational workforce? Its not as hard as you think. Retrieved from The Globe and Mail: https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/careers/leadership-lab/the-secret-to-a-satisfied-multigenerational-workforce-its-not-as-hard-as-you-think/article37853130/ CBT News. (2018, January 29). 5 Crucial Components of an Effective Social Media Marketing Strategy in 2018. Retrieved from CBT News: https://www.cbtnews.com/5-crucial-components-effective-social-media-marketing-strategy-2018/ Kane, S. (2017, November 18). Baby Boomers in the Workplace. Retrieved from The Balance: https://www.thebalance.com/baby-boomers-2164681 Kane, S. (2017, October 15). The Common Characteristics of Generation X Professionals. Retrieved from The Balance: https://www.thebalance.com/common-characteristics-of-generation-x-professionals-2164682

History of Sugar Free Essay Example, 2250 words

This distinction in consumption between various parts of the world can be attributed to both the wealth differences as well as the easy accessibility of sugar. The recent increased health awareness in the industrialized Western world and raised concerns regarding the impacts of sugar on well being as well as the availability of sugar alternatives like low-calorie, high intensity sweeteners and corn syrup high in fructose have not only stabilized sugar consumption but in many regions these factors have resulted in a decline in its demand. Therefore, the expansion of sugar industry thus can be linked to the consumption in poorer nations in accordance with the richer nations’ pattern. Besides, sugar needs to beat the modern low calorie artificial sweeteners to keep its industry running. 1 Sugar Source The sugar being utilized today is derived from two distinct plants i. e., sugar beets and sugar cane. There exists no clear difference amongst the sugar extracted from either of these sources although the cultivation and sugar extraction procedures are different from each. Sugar cane is a fragile plant that springs up only in tropical regions, whilst sugar beets are sturdier crop that develop in the temperate regions of North America and Europe. Chemically sugar is categorized as a carbohydrate with name â€Å"sucrose† that occurs in plants naturally. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Sugar or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now As its concentration is most rich in sugar beet and sugarcane, these sources are utilized in its commercial preparation. Completely refined sugar regardless of its source is pure sucrose and therefore has its distinct sweet taste but in spite of the same end product yielded from two distinct sources, the sugar beet and sugarcane industries differ significantly in the procedures adopted for organization and production and each industry has its own typical geography and history. History of Sugar Many centuries ago, the New Guinea people used to harvest wild sugar cane and then suck and chew it for gaining energy. Ancient merchants from Southeast Pacific islands traveled via sea from one island to another and to the dry land of eastern Africa and Asia to merchandize metal tools, animals and food and this trade helped in the spreading of sugar cane. The history of sugar is very interesting as it entails various economic and social aspects as it spread from one region to another. In the European colonies and particularly England, power structures turned it as a luxury commodity which was eventually changed into a necessity and motivated a revolution in lifestyle and diet, especially amongst the working class throughout the Industrial Revolution and the enforcement of capitalism.

Different Methods of Endorsing a Check Free Essays

An indorsement is made by the holder of a check when he or she wants to negotiate it or wants to indicate a limitation as to its specific purpose. An example of a specific purpose is when the indorser only wants the check to be deposited to an account, not cashed over the counter. A third purpose of indorsement is when a bank or a person paying for the amount indicated in the check wants to obtain the liability of the person negotiating the check. We will write a custom essay sample on Different Methods of Endorsing a Check or any similar topic only for you Order Now Indorsement could be done by the holder in several ways, namely: by special indorsement, blank indorsement, restrictive indorsement, and qualified indorsement.  (Mallor-Barnes-Bowers-Langvardt, 2007) Special indorsement means that the holder of the check affixes his or her signature on the back of the check and then writes down the name of the specific person who could negotiate it or authorize to have it negotiated. For instance, a check has been specially indorsed to John Smith if the holder of the check (say, Mary Walters) wrote on the back thereof his name as payee and affixes his/her signature below John Smith’s name. A holder, for this purpose, refers to the person who has in his or her possession a check which is â€Å"payable to bearer† or made out in his or her name. When the check has been specially indorsed to John Smith, he, in turn, becomes a holder of the check who is authorized either to negotiate the check or indorse it to someone else. (Mallor et al. , 2007)  §3-205 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) specifically states that â€Å"When specially indorsed, an instrument becomes payable to the identified person and may be negotiated only by the indorsement of that person.† (Cornell University Law School, n. d. ) Blank indorsement occurs when the holder simply affixes his or her signature at the back of the check without identifying any person as payee or indorsee. In the example, Mary Walters, as payee of the check, simply signs her name on the back of the check without naming any particular person to whom the check could be paid. In this case, having indorsed the check in blank, Mary has converted the check into a â€Å"payable to bearer† check. It could therefore be transferred by anyone who acquires it. If it is John Smith who takes possession of the check, he can negotiate it by simply writing his or her name on the back of the check, thereby identifying him as the person to whom the check could be paid. His act of writing his name effectively converts a blank-indorsed check to a specially indorsed check. (Mallor et al. , 2007) â€Å"When indorsed in blank, an instrument becomes payable to bearer and may be negotiated by transfer of possession alone until specially indorsed. † (Cornell University Law School, n. d. ) Restrictive indorsement refers to a situation when a check is indorsed to satisfy a specific purpose only. A case in point is when a person wants that a check issued to him – like for example a paycheck or a check which represents proceeds from an insurance claim – should only be deposited in his account at a specified bank, he or she should indicate in so many words by writing down, for instance, the following: â€Å"For Deposit to my Account at Chase Manhattan Bank. † This restricts the indorsement to the purpose specified. If, for any reason some other person other than the payee presents the check which is so indorsed to a bank, the law states that said bank should ensure that the proceeds of the check should go to the specified account. If the bank releases the amount to the person who presents the check, said bank will be liable under the principle of conversion. Judge McEwen of the New York Supreme Court, in Lehigh Presbytery v. Merchants Bancorp, Inc. (Penn. Super. Ct. 1991) said that the UCC orders banks to honor such restrictions or be liable for any resulting losses, saying that this principle was meant â€Å"to prevent† fraud. (As cited in Mallor et al. , 2007) Qualified indorsement is a type of indorsement which could be made on checks which have been indorsed specially or in blank. This is resorted to by an indorser who wishes to free himself or herself from any liability in case of default on the part of the person who issued the check by writing the words â€Å"Without Recourse. † In other words, if the maker of the check fails to meet his or her obligation, the indorser would not be liable if he or she qualifies the indorsement.  § 3-415 of the UCC has specifically provided that although the indorser â€Å"is obliged to pay the amount due† on a dishonored instrument, in a qualified indorsement â€Å"the indorser is not liable †¦ to pay the instrument.† (Cornell University Law School, n. d. ) The law governing negotiable instruments, specifically the methods of indorsing a check, is one of those laws which were passed not only to govern the conduct of business in the country but also to help Americans protect their hard-earned wealth from scheming, unscrupulous individuals. As it stands, the law on negotiable instruments which has withstood the test of time merits the support of every well-meaning citizen of the country. How to cite Different Methods of Endorsing a Check, Papers

Ethical Dilemma About Volkswagen Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Ethical Dilemma About Volkswagen. Answer: Introduction There are many scandals that have been going around in the international business world. The organizations such as Volkswagen, Worldcon, Enron, Fords are taking decisions which can be highly distrustful and have raised ethical questions. These scandals have also contributed to the serious loss of trust and confidence for those organizations and within the business integrity. In the contemporary business world, the organizations tend to increase their profits and value which is also the primary reason behind seeking more ways to do that. However, in the process of doing that, many organizations are making decisions that can be harmful (Zhou, 2016). The recent scandal of Volkswagen indicates that the business ethics are still significant to the business world and should immediately be addressed in the way of increasing the profits of the organization. The carbon emission cheating of Volkswagen has encouraged attention of the entire business world in recent times. The public and media d ebate regarding the Volkswagen scandal have already got so much attention, that it is quite easy to mark the scandal as unethical or wrong (Siano et al., 2017). This essay addresses the ethical dilemmas of the scandal in the light of various ethical theories. The ethical theories include deontology, utilitarianism and egoism theory. After the detailed analysis, the recommendation and personal reflection has been presented in this essay. Background The case of ethical dilemma about Volkswagen had affected the historical journey of the organization and its newly appointed CEO. The organization can be traced back in the 30s where it first started the journey. In the year 2014, there was a regular on road testing in California by the CARB or California Air resources. This road testing had led the organization in investing Volkswagen for violating the federal and state vehicle emission rules (Balbi, 2015). Furthermore, the researchers had tested the emission form two of the Volkswagen models. The examination has also revealed that those models were equipped with 2-liter turbocharged 4-cylinder diesel engine. Later it was also found that these models were emitting around forty times of the permitted level of NOx or nitrogen oxide and dioxide. Later the organization accepted their fault and admitted that millions off their car models were set with defeat device (Preston, 2015). It was also disclosed that around 11 millions of the die sel cars where around eight millions cars were in Europe, had been equipped with a special software which has helped the organization to cheat in the emission test. The credibility of the organization has been affected with this scandal to a great extent. The entire business world was not ready to accept the fact that this scandal has happened without the knowledge of the top executives of the organization (Nemeth Carvalho, 2017). Therefore the contemporary CEO has resigned taking the entire responsibility of the scandal. This scandal has been one of the biggest leadership and ethical challenge in the recent times. This incident has raised several questions regarding the ethical theories that the organization should adhere to. Explanation: Deontology The view of Deontology belongs to the group of normative theories. This theory is mostly focused on the moral actions and the choices of the individual, however in this case it is the organization itself. This theory also judges the morality of the action on the basis of the pre-determined rules. According to this theory, on the basis of the deontological ethics there may raise different moral obligations from any of the internal or external sources such as religious law, cultural or personal values or ethical naturalism. These choices can be forbidden, morally required or permitted. Kantianism is also a significant part of the deontology. As stated by Chakrabarty Bass (2015), Kantianism has argued that one act can be ethically right only if they have obeyed the categorical imperative. It should also be noted that this theory states that in order to make any act morally right, people should adhere to their duties. Also, it has been said that the consequences of any action do not mak e it right or wrong, rather the motives of the individual who perform the actions (Paquette, Sommerfeld Kent, 2015). Regarding this case, Volkswagen should act in accordance with the pre-determined principles. However, considering the categorical imperative, Volkswagen should offer safe, attractive and environmentally sound cars that are capable of competing in the international automobile market. The organization has already set its standards for the last few decades; therefore they should stick to it. It can also be argued that considering the categorical imperative, Volkswagen has acted ethical as their cheat software did not affect the attractiveness or the safeness of the device; however it has affected the environmental security to a great extent. Utilitarianism Utilitarianism is a part of consequentialism. This is an ethical theory that says that the best action is the one which has the maximum utility and brings maximum happiness to the world. The term utility can also be defined in different methods such as well beings, happiness etc. The founder of the ethical theory, Jeremy Bentham, defined the term utility as the joint sum of all the possible pleasures which may result from a specific action. This does not count the suffering of any person for the action (Shafer-Landau, 2014). As Utilitarianism is a part of consequentialism, this adheres to the fact that there is always a standard of wrong and right of any consequences of the action. Utilitarianism mostly states that one should maximize the pleasure out of any context; therefore one should choose the action which can contribute the most in increasing the happiness for most of the people. This theory also states that if there is any life at risk, the choice of life can reduce a huge amo unt of pleasure (Weiss, 2014). With the help of this theory, it can be assessed that how ethical was the idea of putting the cheat device n the Volkswagen models. It basically focuses on the consequences of the action. Egoism theory The Egoism theory or the Ethical egoism is the ethical position which should be done by the moral agents for their own self-interest. The egoism theory has three different parts such as ethical egoism, psychological egoism and rational egoism. The psychological egoism states that people will only act in the place where their self interest in fulfilled. On the other hand, the rational egoism considers that it is only rational where there is ones self interest (Overall, 2016). However, ethical egoism holds that the actions which are beneficial to ones self interest, can be considered to be ethical in that terms. This theory is in fully contrast with the theory of utilitarianism which states that one should not treat ones self higher than the others, however, egoism theory considers the self higher than any other being. This theory can justify the Volkswagen scandal to a great extent. Analysis and Evaluation Applying utilitarianism in the Volkswagen ethical case, it can be said that it tend to involve several sections. There are several parties that are included along with the organization, such as the organization itself and its employees, the clients, the agency that was checking the environmental testing or EPA and the other one was the indirect party which is the people of the countries where Volkswagen has sold its cars. In accordance to the utilitarianism theory, the acts of Volkswagen are not at all acceptable as they did not contribute to any incensement of the greater good or the happiness (Jung et al., 2017). Especially at the end, the organization was caught with the cheating and it did not make anyone happy. The organization was also blameworthy for the actions they had performed, as they knew it from before, what exactly was happening and what exactly could go wrong as the consequence of the actions. They had developed the software with the purpose of cheating. They may have created utility for the company itself but it did not play any safe for the environment. In such situations, there should be effective punishment for Volkswagen as its actions have not led to something great. The punishment to the action should also be obligatory for the organization as utilitarianism says that punishment should be permissible if there is no chance of leading towards great utility. Volkswagen should not do this again. Also, they have lost the marke of diesel cars and share prices dropped to a great extent. As stated before, deontology also do not support the deed of Volkswagen of misleading the environmental gas testing agency. As the car was considered to be the low emission diesel cars, it could be sent to the various countries. Therefore, the customers could also be charged more taxes that the allowed ones. Therefore considering the deontological point of view, putting the cheat software in the cars was not a morally right thing to do as this act goes exactly against to the moral duty. Volkswagen has been acting entirely against the moral law, therefore it is quite expected what has should be done and the organization should be punished for their deed. The egoism theory goes exactly to the opposite of the previously discussed theories. This theory puts more importance to the self and stats that one should exactly do whatever is beneficial to his or her own self interest (Dybus Lemmen, 2017). Considering the Volkswagen case, the organization has put the cheat device in the cars as they wanted to cheat the governments and the agencies as they wanted their diesel cars to be successful in the market. However, as they have been caught with their cheat device, they have lost a huge amount of share from the market and their decade long reputation was hampered. However, egoism theory justifies the deeds of the Volkswagen employees as it was considered to be beneficial for the organization itself. Implication for business The research on the Volkswagen case has been helpful for me. Since I have a plan to open up a business in future, I can utilize the learning in my business. In the restaurant business, one popular yet unlawful business takes place sometimes, is to use the gas which is not environmentally sound and it can hamper the environmental balance. There are many organizations that try to use this gas as it is cheap and the production cost of the food becomes quite low. However, this kind of gas emission is not easy to get as the government s quite strict about the law. However, in my business, I will not use any such product which has the possibility of violating the environmental balance. Any kind of unethical business will not be taken in my organization. We all should be responsible enough to ensure that there is no harm occurring due of our business. Conclusion This essay has explained the Volkswagen case study with the help of three different ethical theories. It can be said that other than the egoism theory, which keeps the ego at the very first place, all the other theories have considered the case to be morally permissible. The first ethical theories, utilitarianism and deontology would consider Volkswagen to be the culprit of whatever they did. These theories consider Volkswagen to be punished for hampering the environmental balance as well. However, the egoism theory can justify the act as it only considered the interest of the organization. However, in the long run, the organization was not benefitted with their decision and this has hampered their decade long reputation as well. 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